Current Issue : October - December Volume : 2017 Issue Number : 4 Articles : 5 Articles
Economic systems exist under the condition of receipt and expenditure of energy. Energy consumption\nis a necessary condition for the existence and functioning of any scale economic systems:\nmacroeconomics, microeconomics, economic regions, or the world economy. However, the energy\nconditions of existence of economic systems differ from these conditions for other systems. So biological\nsystems are dissipative systems, which exist under condition of energy consumption and\nexpenditure. Economic system exists not only because of energy consumption, but also because of\nenergy production....
To attain over all socio-economic development of a nation, it is very important that there is an all round state and regional development. This becomes apparent to India’s objective of attaining overall development particularly when we examine the growth and development aspects in the North-East Region (NER). India’s North-East Region consists of eight states namely Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura. The NER has a rich intricate cultural ethnicity with distinct languages and a diverse socio-cultural framework. With all its abundant availability of natural resources and rich potentials, it lacks economic development due to low agricultural productivity, poor infrastructure, unemployment, low income, poverty and slow growth of industries. It shares it borders with countries of China, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Burma which provides opportunities for cross border trade in today’s world of globalization. With all this in view, when the government announced its new economic policy in 1991, it also formulated ‘The Look East Policy’ in order to bring in closer economic integration with its eastern neighbors and in turn, attain economic development in the NER. The government in its attempt to strengthen ties with ASEAN wants to promote trade, investment and connectivity between the north eastern states and its international borders by emphasizing more on exports. Therefore, the present study is an attempt to understand the developmental aspects in this region and how the setting up of MSMEs would help in the improvement in the growth aspects of India in general and the NER in particular....
The main objective of the study is to find out the impact of foreign direct investment on the economic development of central Asia, Afghanistan and Pakistan particular. For this research we have collected the data from the secondary source. The study was showing that the inflows of FDI are increasing in some countries. In 1992 the inflows of FDI of Pakistan was 258.43 US dollar, at that time the inflows of Afghanistan was nothing. In the year 2007 it was concluded that inflows of Pakistan was us $4374 million. During the 2007 the inflows level in Afghanistan was USD 289. In this paper it has concluded that the most profitable area power sector, telecom, education and information technology. Thus, our paper is trying to prove that FDI has main role for the development of welfare with the way of providing the welfare society. Therefore, the study is trying to suggest that for the enhancement of FDI government of Pakistan and Afghanistan need to remove the political instability and terrorism and should focus on the physical infrastructure....
CAPM (Capital asset pricing model) is widely used in asset pricing, project\nevaluating and investment deciding. Beta coefficient, one of the core tasks of\nCAPM, its accuracy and stability are of great significance. Weekly China�s\nstock return data have been used. Firstly, analyzed the differences of mean\nvalue, maximum value and minimum value of beta coefficients which regressed\nby different length of time. Secondly, introduced T statistic to test the\nmean difference of beta which regressed by different length of time. Thirdly,\nused dummy variables to test the stability of beta coefficients and found that\nthe optimal length of time for beta estimating was 12 months. In addition,\nseveral investigations about the relationship between the stability of bate coefficients\nand markets, industries, market size have been done finally....
This paper develops a multigenerational overlapping (OLG) model to investigate\nthe welfare effects of pension reforms in an aging economy. Given the\ndeclining trend in the proportion of young people to the old aged, it is feared\nthat existing pay-as-you-go pension system may not be sustainable and it necessitates\nhigher tax or premium contributions to maintain the sustainability\nof the fiscal and pension system. This paper investigates the effects of four\nreform programs aiming to enhance the sustainability of the pension system.\nThe programs are: (a) an increase in pension contribution, (b) a reduction in\npension benefit, (c) an extension of mandatory retirement age, and (d) a combination\nof program (b) and (c). Policy simulation results from this paper indicate\nthat extending mandatory retirement age harms only little of the current\ngenerations� lifetime utility whereas it gradually improves future generations�\nlife time utility. On the contrary, increase in pension contribution reduces\nlifetime utility of the current generation without benefitting future generation.\nAlternately increase in contribution ratio improves future GDP\ngrowth whereas reducing replacement ratio cannot. Finally, an increase in\npension contribution worsens government budgetary condition whereas reducing\nreplacement ratio does not....
Loading....